Language
Introduction
Chomsky
Bickerton
Pinker
Brain Theory
Conclusion

Sumer/Sumeria
Civilization
Religion
Language
Sargon
Code of Hammurabi
Marduk
Enki
Inanna
Asherah
Conclusion

Biblical References
Genesis
'Speaking in Tongues'
Tower of Babel

Computer
Binary Code

Snow Crash Sites

Bibliograpy

Home

Civilization
Sumer/Sumeria was a collection of farming villages around the lower Tigris and Euphrates river (southern Iraq). Conquered by Sargon of Agade around 2370 BCE and its final collapse under the Amorites around 2000 BCE. Traces and parallels of Sumerian myth can be found throughout the Old Testament of the Bible but the bulk is found in Genesis.

"Religion, magic, and medicine are so completely intertwined in Mesopotamia that separating them is frustrating and perhaps futile work...[Sumerian incantations] demonstrate an intimate connection between the religious, the magical, and the esthetic so complete that any attempt to pull one away from the other will distort the whole" (Kramer and Maier 1989).
A ruler was called a lord (en) and was often deified. Each city had a governor (ensi) or a king (lugal 'great man') who lived in a great house (egal). The wife of the king was called a lady or queen (nin).


Religion
The Sumerians developed a religion and a society, which influenced both their neighbors and their conquerors. Sumerian gods and goddesses are as numerous as the Greeks, Romans, and Eyptians deities. They were given the same amount of homage as other deities preciding over the fate of humans.

Each city housed a temple that was the seat of a major god in the Sumerian pantheon, as gods controlled the powerful forces which often dictated a human's life. The city leaders had a duty to please the thown's patron deity. The clergy had greaat authority through the interpretations of omens and dreams.

Man was created as a broken, labor saving, tool for the use of the gods and at the end of everyone's life, lay the underworld, a generally dreary place.


Language
Sumerian was spoken in Mesopotamia and is related to no other known language. Sumerian cuneiform, the earliest written language, was borrowed by the Babylonians, who also took many of their religious beliefs. Cuneiform was a syllabic script with hundreds of wedge-shaped signs that developed from 'phonograms' representing sound and meaning of pictures.
"So the Sumerian language died out, but the Sumerian myths wer somehow passed on in the new languages." (234)

Stephenson mentions three of the Sumerian deities, Enki, Inanna and Asherah, in connection with the origins of the Snow Crash virus. Lets take a closer look at these three gods to see how history actually records them.

To learn more about the people of Sumer/Sumeria, visit these sites:

Sumerian
www.crystallinks.com/sumercd.html


Sumer
www.theology.edu/sumer.htm


Sumeria
ragz-international.com/sumeria.htm