U.S. History I

Lecture Outlines

 

 

"Native Americans and the American Exchange"

 

I Migration from Asia

       Siberia, Ice Age, Land Bridge, Beringia, Pleistocene

 

II Spread of Peoples and Sociocultural Development

       Clovis Culture, End of Ice Age, Agriculture

 

III Early Civilization North of Mesoamerica

       A) Southwest

              Mogollon

       B) Eastern Woodlands

              Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian, Cahokia

 

IV Significant Regions on the Eve of Contact

       A) Southwest

              Pimas, Headman, Pueblo, Matrilineal, Apaches, Navajos

       B) Southeast

              Piedmont, Natchez, Creeks, Cherokees

       C) Northeast

              Iroquois (Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas), Algonquian, Hiawatha, Iroquois Society

 

V American Exchange

       A) Diseases

              Small Pox, Influenza

       B) Plants

              Weeds, Potatoes, Corn, Pellagra

       C) Drugs

              Tobacco, Alcohol, Coca

       D) Horse

       E) Technology

              Fire Arms, Metal

       F) Ideas

              Christianity, Confederation, Albany Congress (1754)

 

 

"Overview of the First Century of English Colonization in North America"

 

I First Efforts to Colonize 

            Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1601), Enclosure Movement, King Philip II (1556-98)

    A) Roanoke

        Walter Raleigh

    B) Chesapeake Bay

        Powhatan, Jamestown (1607), James I (1603-25), Mercantilism, Adam Smith   

     

II Virginia Colony

    A) Virginia Company of London

        Richard Hakluyt, Joint Stock Company, John Rolfe, Tobacco

    B) From Company to Royal Colony

        Headright System, House of Burgesses, Indentured Servitude, Opechancanough, Royal Colony

 

III Maryland

               Charles I (1625-49), Calvert Family, Proprietary Colony

 

IV Crisis in the Chesapeake

    A) Bacon's Rebellion

        William Berkeley, Nathaniel Bacon

    B) Rebellion in Maryland

        John Goode

 

V Puritanism and Settlement in New England

    A) Puritans

        John Calvin (1509-64), Separatists, Mayflower Compact, Congregationalists

    B) Massachusetts Colony

        Massachusetts Bay Company, John Winthrop, General Court

    C) Contrasting Communities in New England and the Chesapeake 

 

VI Middle Colonies

    A) New York Colony

        Dutch West India Company, Charles II (1660-85), Iroquois League

    B) Pennsylvania Colony

        Quakers, William Penn, Quitrent System

 

VII Carolinas

                Caribbean Origins, "Beyond the Line," Plantations and Slavery, Indian Wars  

 

VIII Politics and Ecnomics 

    A) James II and the Glorious Revolution

    B) Navigation Acts

        Board of Trade and Plantations

 

                                                          

"Colonial Slavery"

 

I    Overview of the Slave Trade

     A) Origins

     B) Agricultural Needs

     C) Slaves as a Labor Source

     D) Slave Trade Competition

           Royal African Company

 

II   Slave Trade

     A) Capture of Slaves

           Mungo Park, Coffle, Barracoons

     B) "Middle Passage"

 

III Early Development of Slavery in the Southern and Northern Colonies

     A) Creating a Slave Class

           Bacon's rebellion

     B) Southern Colonies

           Shift to a slave-based agricultural economy 

     C) Northern Colonies

     D) Slave Codes

           Black Codes, Chattel, Manumission

 

IV   Slaves in 18th c. British Colonies

           Saltwater, Creole

     A) Chesapeake

           Three Stages, Internal Slave Trade

     B) Carolina and Georgia low country

           Gang labor, Task labor, Gullah, James Oglethorpe

     C) Northern Colonies

           Negro Election Day

 

V  Resistance and Rebellion

           Seminole, Maroon societies

VI Religion

           Great Awakening

VII Family

           Fictive kinship

VIII Africanization of Southern Society

           Gumbos, Jambalayas, Banjo,

 

 

"Eighteenth Century Culture and Society before the Revolution"

 

I Introduction 

 

II Educational Opportunities

            Dame Schools 

 

III Enlightenment in America

            Philoshophes, Ben Franklin, American Philosophical Society, Rational Christianity, Deism

 

IV Great Awakening

    A) Church-State Relationship

    B) 1740s

        Halfway Covenant, Theodore Frelinghuysen, William and Gilbert Tennent, Pietism, George Whitefield, New Lights 

    C) Economic and Social Distruption

        War of Jenkins' Ear, War of the Austrian Succession, King George's War

    D) Conflict in the Churches

        New Lights vs. Old Lights, Jonathan Edwards, Baptists

 

V Immigration and Population

 

VI Older Settlement Areas

            Interdependent Economy, Squire Class, Gentry Class

 

VII Back Country Settlement

    A) Social and Economic Profile

        Geographic Mobility

    B) Conflict in the Countryside

        Paxton Boys, NC and SC, Regulator Movement, Vermont, Ethan Allen and the Green Mnt Boys, NY 

 

VIII Urban Life

            Congested, Class system, Women, Disease

 

IX Overview of the Colonial Economy

            Navigation Acts, Wool Act (1699), Hat Act (1732), Iron Act (1758), Tariffs, Currency, Commodity Money, Thaler, Benefits, Molasses Act (1733)

 

 

"From Colonies to Independent States"

 

I  End of the Colonial Era

      A) Interior Indian society and the "middle ground"

            Creeks, Cherokees, and Iroquois

      B)  NA population growth and land speculation

      C)  Seven Years War

            William Pitt, Treaty of Paris (1763)

      D)  Aftermath of the Seven Years' War

      E)  Managing a North American Empire

            1. An Unstable Frontier

            2. Neolin and Pontiac

                  Lenni Lenape

            3. Proclamation of 1763

 

II Early Stages toward Revolution

      A) Changes in British Colonial Policies:

            George Grenville, Revenue Act (Sugar Act) 1764, Molasses Act 1733, Quartering Act 1765, Stamp Act 1765

      B) Americans resist the new policies

            John Locke, Stamp Act Congress, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act

      C) Townshend Acts and colonial reaction

            Chancellor of the Exchequer, American Board of Customs Commissioners, Samuel Adams, Circular Letter, Boston Massacre (5 March 1770) 

      D) A Pause in the Crisis

            Committees of correspondence, Tea Act 1773, Boston Tea Party

 

III Revolution Begins

      A) Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts), 1774

            Bost Port Bill, Mass. Govt Act, Impartial Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act Quebec Act

      B) English Opposition Tradition

            Catos Letters

      C) First Continental Congress

            General Thomas Gage, Declaration of Rights and Grievances, Committees of Observation and Safety 

      D) First Shots of the Revolution

            Provincial Congress, "Minutemen," Lexington

      E) Second Continental Congress

            "Continental Army," Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking up     Arms, Olive Branch Petition

      F)  No Turning Back

            General William Howe, Gov. Dunmore, Thomas Paine, Common Sense, Declaration of Independence

 

 

"The Early Republic"

 

I Introduction

     A) Economic Crisis

           Nationalists or Federalists, Alexander Hamilton

     B) Central Authority

           Debt, Articles of Confederation, Annapolis convention 

 

II Constitutional Convention

     A) Participants

           Localists or Anti-federalists, James Madison

     B) Plans

           "Virginia Plan," William Paterson, "New Jersey Plan"

     C) Compromises and Key Provisions

           "Three-fifths rule," Electoral College, Presidency

III Ratification

     A) Supporters and Detractors

           Federalist Papers

     B) Bill of Rights

 

IV Washington's Presidency and the New Federal Government

     A) Why Washington?

           Newburgh Conspiracy of 1783 

     B) Washington’s Administration

           Cabinet, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, Judiciary Act of 1789

     C) Hamilton's Financial Program

     D) Hamilton’s Goals for the Nation

     E) Interpreting the Constitution

           Bank of the U.S., "Strict Constructionist," "Loose Constructionist"

     F) Fear of Industry

     G) Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

 

V The West and early diplomacy

     A) Native Americans

           Indian Intercourse Act 1790, Little Turtle

     B) Foreign Powers

           Spain, Great Britain, Cajuns, Jay's and Pinckney's Treaties, Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794, Treaty of Greenville 1795

 

VI Development of Political Parties

     A) Orientations of the Two Parties

           French Revolution

     B) Election of 1796

     C) Contrast of Federalist and Democratic Republican Ideologies

 

VII Presidency of John Adams

     A) Foreign Policy

           XYZ affair

     B) Domestic Problems

           Alien and Sedition Acts 1798, Naturalization Act 

 

 

"America's Agrarian Republic"

 

I Thomas Jefferson's Presidency

      A) Election of 1800

             Democratic-Republicans, Common Producer, House of Representative, Aaron Burr

      B) Jefferson's Political Philosophy

             Yeoman Farmer, Household Manufacturing

      C) Jefferson and the West

             James Monroe Louisiana Purchase (1803), Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

      D) Jefferson's Indian Policy

             Tecumseh  

      E) Jefferson's Foreign policy

             Embargo Act

 

II James Madison and a New Generation of Republicans

      A) Madison’s Presidency

             Henry Clay, Warhawks.

      B) War of 1812

             Orders of Council, John C. Calhoun, Blockade, Battle of the Thames, Andrew Jackson, British Invasion, Francis Scott Key, Battle of New Orleans, Treaty of Ghent

      C) Consequences of the War 

            Hartford Convention   

 

III James Monroe's Presidency

      A) One Party Rule

      B) Era of Good Feelings 

      C) Foreign policy

            John Quincy Adams, Adams-Onis Treaty, Rush-Bagot Treaty, Convention of  1818, Monroe Doctrine, George Canning

      D) Panic of 1819

            Depression, Cotton, Market Economy

      E) Missouri Crisis and Compromise

            James Tallmadge, Henry Clay

 

 

"Antebellum South"

 

I South’s Distinctive Characteristics

       A) Market Connections

       B) Economic Development

       C) Rural Nature

       D) Relationship with Government

 

II Distribution of Slavery in the South

       A) Upper South v. Lower South

       B) Labor Needs

       C) Slaves and Profits

       D) Power and Slave Owning

 

III Class Structure of the White South

       A) Slave Owners

              Planters Elite, Overseers

       B) Yeomen

       C) Poor Whites

 

IV Institution of Slavery

       A) Conditions

              Work, Living Conditions, Life Expectancy

       B) Resistance

              Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner

       C) African American Culture in Slavery

              Family, Songs and Stories, Christianity

 

V Free Blacks

 

VI Defense of Slavery

 

 

"The Development of American Democracy, 1824-1840"

 

I Political Culture

     A) Suffrage

     B) “Pursuit of Happiness”

           Capitalism, Equality, Opportunity 

     C) Evolution of the Party System

           Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay

 

II Presidency of John Quincy Adams

     National Republicans, Democrats, 1828 election

 

III Andrew Jackson's Presidency

     A) Westerner

     B) “Spoils System”

     C) Issues of Jackson’s Presidency

     D) Jackson and Native Americans

           Assimilate, Removal, Trail of Tears

     E) Jackson and Sectionalism

           Nullification Crisis, John C. Calhoun, Ordinance of Nullification

     F) Jackson and the National Bank

           Whigs, Panic of 1819

     G) Jackson’s Legacy

 

IV Martin Van Buren and the Panic of 1837

     A) Whigs

           Henry Clay’s American System

     B) Van Buren and Economic Troubles

           Panic of 1837

 

V Election of 1840

     William Harrison, Popular appeal, Modern campaign

 

VI Whigs and Democrats, Second Two Party System

     A) Regions

     B) Constituency

     C) Ideology

           Liberty and local rule, Sin, Reforms, National market economy, Banks, Slavery, Two visions of the govt, "Positive liberal state,” Internal improvements, Sabbath schools, "Negative liberal state" 

                    

VII First Whig Presidency

     John Tyler

 

"Reform Movements before the Civil War"

I Necessary Conditions

    A) Market Revolution

    B) Second Great Awakening

    C) Education

    D) Mass Politics

    E) Revolutionary Ideals

 

II Significant Movements

    A) Utopian Communities

        Shakers, Robert Owen, New Harmony, Josiah Warren, Modern Times, Time Store

    B) Temperance

        American Temperance Society

    C) Education

        Horace Mann

    D) Asylum

        Dorothea Dix

    E) Abolitionism

        William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator, Benjamin Lundy's the Genius of Universal Emancipation, Liberia, Wendell Philips, "Immediatism," Lewis and Arthur Tappan, James G. Birney, Angelina and Sarah Grimke, Theodore Weld, American Anti-Slavery Society, Frederick Douglass, Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman, Prudence Crandell, Elijah Lovejoy, Liberty Party, "Gag Law"

    F) Women's Rights (Feminism)

        Sarah Grimke's Letters on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1838), Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott

 

 

 

"The Fur Trade and the American West"

 

I Background

A) Louisiana Purchase (1803)

     Meriwether Lewis, William Clark

B) Plains Indians

     Comanches, Crows, Cheyennes, Lakotas

C) Corps of Discovery

     Sacajawea

 

II British Fur Trade

     Hudson’s Bay Company, North West Company

 

III American Fur Trade

A) Early Failures

     John Jacob Astor, American Fur Company

 

B) Golden Age

     Chouteaus, Manuel Lisa, Missouri Fur Company, William Ashley, “rendezvous,” “free trapper,” “mountain men”

 

IV Environmental Consequences of the Fur Trade

 

 

"Conquest and Early Settlement of An American West"

 

I Manifest Destiny

 

II Mexico

    A) Reforms and Instability in the Northern Provinces

        Rancheros

    B) American Trade and Immigration

        Santa Fe Trail, Moses Austin, General Santa Anna

 

III Lone Star Republic

         Alamo (1836), Sam Houston

 

IV War with Mexico

         John Tyler

    A) James K. Polk and Land Grabbing

        Nueces River, General Zachary Taylor

B) War Begins

         Abraham Lincoln, “Conscience Whigs,” Colonel John C. Fremont, Bear Flag Republic (1846), General Stephen Watts Kearny, Charles Bent, General Winfield Scott

 

V Consequences of War with Mexico

    A) Issue of Slavery

        Wilmot Proviso, “Slave Power”

    B) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

 

VI American Trek West

    A) Oregon Country

        Hudson’s Bay Company, Willamette Valley

    B) Oregon Trail

        Fort Laramie Treaty (1851)

 

VII Postwar Development of the American West

    A) Early Settlers

    B) Early Mining

        California Gold Rush, Women

    C) Merchants

        Levi Strauss

 

 

"Sectionalism and the Crisis over Slavery"

 

I Views on Slavery in the Territories

     A) Wilmot’s Proposal

     B) Southern Slave Owners Proposal

     C) Missouri Compromise Line Proposal

     D) Popular Sovereignty

           Lewis Cass, Stephen A. Douglas, Popular sovereignty

 

II Election of 1848

     Zachary Taylor, Free Soil Party, Salmon P. Chase, Sectionalism

 

III Compromise of 1850  

     A) President Taylor and the Western Territories

     B) The Last Compromise

           Henry Clay, Five Parts to the Compromise, Fugitive Slave Law

     C) Slavery as a Moral Issue

           Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin

     D) Calm before the Storm

 

IV Cultural and Economic Sectionalism

     A) Railroads

           Construction, Investment, Market systems

     B) Commercial Agriculture

           John Deere, Cyrus McCormick

     C) Mid-century Industrialization

           Isaac Singer

     D) Immigration

           Irish, Germans, Scandinavians

     E) Subordinate status of the South

 

V Political changes during the 1850s     

     A) Young America Movement

           Gadsden Purchase

     B) Kansas-Nebraska Act

     C) Collapse of the Two Party System

           Republican Party

     D) Know Nothings

           American Party, Order of the Star-Spangled Banner

     E) Bleeding Kansas

     F) Continuing Violence

           Charles Sumner, Preston Brooks

     G) The Election of 1856

           John C. Fremont, James Buchanan, "Fire eater"

     H) The Dred Scott Decision

           Roger Taney

     I) Panic of 1857

     J) Lecompton Constitution

     K) The Lincoln-Douglas Debates

     L) Final comments on sectionalism

 

 

"The Civil War"

 

I Road to War

       A) Harpers Ferry

           John Brown

       B) Election of 1860

       C) Secession

            Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis

       D) The First Shots of the War

            Fort Sumter, Commander Robert Anderson, General Pierre Beauregard

 

II Sectional Resources

       A) Industrial Production

       B) Centralized State

       C) Population

       D) Invasion v. Defense

 

III Political leadership

            Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, General George McClellan, Party politics, General Winfield Scott

 

IV Border States

            Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, William Quantrill, West Virginia

 

V War to 1863

       A) Bull Run

           Irvin McDowell, General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, Gen. McClellan

       B) Naval Blockade

           Admiral David Farragut, Merrimack, Monitor

       C) European Recognition of the Confederacy

           Britain, France 

       D) War in the West

           Ulysses S. Grant, Battle of Shiloh, William Tecumseh Sherman. 

       E) The Eastern Theater

           Battle of Gettysburg, General Robert E. Lee

       F) Emancipation

           War measure, Second Confiscation Act

       G) African Americans and the War

 

VI Confederate Home Front

       A) Economy

          Cotton, Food shortages, Blockade

       B) Southern Women

       C) Govt

          Taxation, Inflation, Centralized authority

       D) Dissent

          Gov. Joseph Brown, Gov. Zebulon Vance, Draft, Food riots, Peace movement. 

 

VII Union Home Front

       A) Govt and Finance

           Income tax, Internal Revenue Bureau, Bonds, Greenbacks, Tariffs, Homestead Act (1862), Land Grant College Act (1862)

       B) Wealth and the War

          Wages, corruption 

       C) Northern Women

          Nursing, U.S. Sanitary Commission

       D) Civil Liberties and Dissent

          Copperheads, Political prisoners, Draft exemption, Riots. 

 

VIII End of the War

            Election of 1864, McClellan, Grant, Lee's surrender

 

 

"Reconstruction and African American Expressions of Freedom"

 

I  Politics of Reconstruction

            A) Introduction

                        W. E. B. Dubois

            B) Presidential Reconstruction

                        Ten Percent Plan, Pres. Andrew Johnson, "Black codes," Radical Republicans, Moderate Republicans, Freedmen's Bureau, Civil Rights Bill (1866), Fourteenth Amendment

            C) Congressional Reconstruction

                        Reconstruction Acts (1867), Carpetbaggers, Scalawags, African Americans, Ku Klux Klan, Edwin M. Stanton, Tenure of Office Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Enforcement Acts, Civil Rights Act (1875), Depression of 1873. 

 

II End of Reconstruction

            A) Election of 1876

                        Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden. 

            B) Why did Reconstruction fail?

 

III African American Expressions of Freedom

            A) Migration

                        Cities, Segregation

            B) Reuniting Families

            C) Changing Roles for Family Members

 

IV Forming the Freed Black Community

            A) Churches

            B) Education

 

V A New Economics for Freed People

            A) Gaining Control of their Labor

            B) Land and Free Labor

 

VI African Americans and Politics during Reconstruction

            A) Political Participation

                        Conventions

            B) Moderate Politics

 

VII White Violence