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Amarsinghe, V., S.A. Graham, and A. Graham. 1991. Trichome morphology in the genus Cuphea (Lythraceae). Bot. Gaz. 152: 77-90.

Arkoll, D. 1988. Lauric oil resources. Econ. Bot. 42:195-205.

Arndt, S. 1985. Cuphea, diverse fatty acid composition may yield oleochemical feedstock. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 62: 6-12.

Bafor, M. and S. Stymne. 1992. Substrate specificities of glycerol acylating enzymes from developing embryos of two Cuphea species. Phytochemistry 31:2973-2976.

Ben-Salah, Hamadi and W.W. Roath. 1994. Somaclonal variation in Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. for plant improvement. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2: 239-244.

Brandt, T. and S.J. Knapp. 1993. Gametic selection at fatty acid and allozyme marker loci and meiosis within Cuphea viscosissima x Cuphea lanceolata populations.  Crop Sci. 33:1138-1143.

Campbell, T.A. 1987. Chemical mutagenesis in two Cuphea species. Can. J. Plant Sci. 67:909-917.

Chen, W. and W.W. Roath. 1995. Karyotype of Cuphea lanceolata Ait. and Cuphea viscosissima Jacq.  Crop Sci. 35:246-250.

Crane, J., A.L. Miller, J.W. Van Roekel, and C. Walters. 2003. Triacylglycerols determine the unusual storage physiology of Cuphea seed.  Planta 217:699-708.

Crane, J.M., D.M. Webb, L.A. Tagliani, and S.J. Knapp. 1994. Registration of LN-183, nondormant Cuphea lanceolata germplasm. Crop Sci. 34:1423.

Dehesh, K., P. Edwards, T. Hayes, A.M. Cranmer, and J.A. Fillatti. 1996. Two novel thioesterases are key determinants of the bimodal distribution of acyl chain length of Cuphea palustris seed oil.  Plant Physiol. 110:203-210.

Dörmann, P., F. Spener, and J.B. Ohlrogge. 1993. Characterization of two acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases from developing Cuphea seeds specific for medium-chain- and oleoyl-acyl carrier protein. Planta 189:425-432.

Earle, F.R., C.A. Glass, G.C. Geisinger, I.A. Wolff, and Q. Jones. 1960. Search for new industrial oils. IV. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 37:440-447.

Floh, E.I.S., W. Handro, and I. Rita. 1999. V Cuphea species: In vitro culture studies, and the production of medium-chain fatty acids. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 43: 78-84.

Gathman, A.C. and D.T. Ray. 1987. Meiotic analysis of 14 Cuphea species and two interspecific hybrids.  J. Hered. 78:315-318.

Geller, D.P., J.W. Goodrum, and S.J. Knapp. 1999. Fuel properties of oil from genetically altered Cuphea viscosissima. Ind. Crop. Prod. 9:85-91.  

Gesch, R.W., F. Forcella, N. Barbour, B. Phillips, and W.B. Voorheees. 2002. Yield and growth response of Cuphea to sowing date. Crop Sci. 42:1959-1965.

González, A.G., E. Valencia, T. Siverio Expósito, J. Bermejo Barrera, and M.P. Gupta. 1994. Chemical components of Cuphea species. Carthagenol: a new triterpene from C. carthagenensis. Planta Med. 60: 592-593.

Graham, S.A. 1988. Revision of Cuphea section Heterodon (Lythraceae). Syst. Bot. Mono. 20:1-168.

Graham, S.A. 1989. Chromosome numbers in Cuphea (Lythraceae): New counts and a summary. Am. J. Bot. 76: 1530-1540.

Graham, S.A. 1990. New species of Cuphea section Melvilla (Lythraceae) and an annotated key to the section. Brittonia 42:12-32.

Graham, S.A. 1995. Gall makers on flowers of Cuphea (Lythraceae). Biotropica 27:461-467.

Graham, S.A. and T.B. Cavalcanti. 2001. New chromosome counts in the Lythraceae and a review of chromosome numbers in the family. Syst. Bot. 26:445-458.

Graham, S.A. and R. Kleiman. 1985. Fatty acid composition in Cuphea seed oils form Brazil and Nicaragua.  J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 62:81-82.

Graham, S.A. and R. Kleiman. 1992. Composition of seed oils in some Latin American Cuphea (Lythraceae). Ind. Crop. Prod. 1:31-34.

Graham, S.A., F. Hirsinger, and G. Röbbelen. 1981. Fatty acids of Cuphea (Lythraceae) seed lipids and their systematic significance. Am. J. Bot. 68:908-917.

Hardin, B. 1991. Cuphea: Plants with a beautiful future. Agr. Res. 39: 16.

Hirsinger, F. 1980. Untersuchungen zur beurteilung der anbauwurdigkeit einer neuen MCT olpflanze Cuphea (Lythraceae). 2. Chemische mutaggenese bei Cuphea aperta Koehne. Z. Pflanzenzuchtg. 85:157-169.

Hirsinger, F. 1985. Agronomic potential and seed composition of Cuphea, an annual crop for lauric and capric seed oils.  J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 62:76-80.

Hirsinger, F. and P.F. Knowles. 1984. Morphological and agronomic description of selected Cuphea germplasm. Econ. Bot. 38: 439-451.

Hirsinger, F. and G. Röbbelen. 1980. Studies on the agronomical value of a new MCT oil crop, Cuphea (Lythraceae). 3. Chemical mutagenesis of C. lanceolata and C. procumbens, and general evaluation. Z. Pflanzenzüchtg. 85: 275-286.

Ignacio, L.F. 1985. Present and future position of coconut in world supply and trade.  J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 62:197-204.  

Interactive European Network for Industrial Crops and their Applications (IENICA). 2002. Cuphea. Retrieved January 13, 2003 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ienica.net/crops/cuphea.pdf.

Janick, J. and A. Whipkey.  1986. In vitro propagation of Cuphea wrightii. HortScience 21:135-137.

Janick, J., M.G. Blase, D.L. Johnson, G.D. Jolliff, and R.L. Myers. 1996. Diversifying U.S. crop production. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Issue Paper, No. 6.

Jones, A., H.M. Davies, and T.A. Voelker. 1995. Palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterase and the evolutionary origin of plant acyl-ACP thioesterases. Plant Cell 7:359-371.

Klein, B., K. Pawlowski, C. Höricke-Grandpierre, J. Schell, and R. Töpfer. 1992. Isolation and characterization of a cDNA from Cuphea lanceolata encoding a β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase. Mol. Gen. Genet. 233:122-128.

Knapp, S.J. 1990. New temperate oilseed crops. In J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), pp. 203-210. Advances in new crops. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.

Knapp, S.J. 1990. Recurrent mass selection for reduced seed dormancy in Cuphea lanceolata and Cuphea laminuligera. Plant Breeding 104: 46-52.

Knapp, S.J. 1993. Breakthroughs towards the domestication of Cuphea. In J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), pp. 372-379. New crops. Wiley, New York.

Knapp, S.J. 1993. Modifying the seed storage lipids of Cuphea: A source of medium-chain triglycerides. In S. MacKenzie and D. Taylor (eds.), pp. 142-154. Seed oils for the future. American Oil Chemists’ Society, Champaign, Illinois.

Knapp, S.J. 1995. Registration of four fatty acid mutant germplasm lines of Cuphea: VS-6-CPR-a, VS-6-CPR4, VS-6-CPY-1, and VS-6-MYR-1. Crop Sci. 35: 1517.

Knapp, S.J. and J.M. Crane. 2000. Registration of reduced seed shattering Cuphea germplasm PSR23. Crop Sci. 40:299-300.

Knapp, S.J. and J.M. Crane. 2000. Registration of nondormant Cuphea germplasm VL160. Crop Sci. 40:300-301.

Knapp, S.J. and J.M. Crane. 2000. Registration of high oil Cuphea germplasm VL186. Crop Sci. 40:301.

Knapp, S.J. and M.B. Slabaugh. 1998. Developing oils through genetic engineering. NRI Research Highlights. Retrieved February 2, 2001, from the World Wide Web: http://www.reeusda.gov/nri/pubs/highlights/jul98/jul98.htm

Knapp, S.J. and L.A. Tagliani. 1990. Genetic variation for seed dormancy in Cuphea laminuligera and Cuphea lanceolata. Euphytica 47: 65-70.

Knapp, S.J. and L.A. Tagliani. 1991. Two medium chain fatty acid mutants of Cuphea viscosissima.  Plant Breeding 106:338-341.

Knapp, S.J., L.A. Tagliani, and B.H. Liu. 1991. Outcrossing rates of experimental population of Cuphea lanceolata. Plant Breeding 106: 334-337.

Knapp, S.J., L.A. Tagliani, and W.W. Roath. 1991. Fatty acid and oil diversity of Cuphea viscosissima: A source of medium-chain fatty acids. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 68: 515-517.

Knapp, S.J., J.M. Crane, L.A. Tagliani, and M.B. Slabaugh. 1997. Cuphea viscosissima mutants with decreased capric acid.  Crop Sci. 37:352-357.

Knutzon, D.S., T.R. Hayes, A. Wyrick, H. Xiong, H.M. Davies, and T.A. Voelker. 1999. Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase from coconut endosperm mediates the insertion of laurate at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols in lauric rapeseed oil and can increase total laurate levels. Plant Physiol. 120:739-746.

Krueger, S.K. and S.J. Knapp. 1991. Mating systems of Cuphea laminuligera and Cuphea lutea. Theor. Appl. Genet. 82:221-226.

Leonard, J.M., M.B. Slabaugh, and S.J. Knapp. 1997. Cuphea wrightii thioesterases have unexpected broad specificities on saturated fatty acids. Plant Mol. Biol. 34:669-679.

Lorey, W. and G. Röbbelen. 1984. Interspecific hybridization within the genus Cuphea (Lythraceae). Angew. Bot. 58: 423-432.

McGraw, L. 1999. Midwest farmers get a new crop for a new millennium. ARS News & Information. Retrieved April 11, 2001, from the World Wide Web: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/1999/991206.htm

McGraw, L. 1999. Three new crops for the future. Agr. Res. 47: 18-19.

Millam, S., S.M. Mitchell, E. Moscheni, and J.E. Lyon. 1997. The establishment and regeneration of a range of Cuphea germplasm in vitro.  Plant Cell Tiss. Org. 48:143-146.

Millam, S., S. Mitchell, A. Craig, M. Paoli, E. Moscheni, and L. Angelini. 1997. In vitro manipulation as a means for accelerated improvement of some new potential oil crop species. Ind. Crop. Prod. 6:213-219.

Moscheni, E., L.G. Angelini, and M. Macchia. 1994. Agronomic potential and seed oil composition of Cuphea lutea and C. laminuligera. Ind. Crop. Prod. 3:3-9.

Princen, L.H. 1990. New crops research and development: A federal perspective. In J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), pp. 17-20. Advances in new crops. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.  

Przybecki, Z. J. Olejniczak, and E. Adamska. 2001. Regeneration of Cuphea tolucana Peyr. in in vitro culture. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 6:587-591.

Przybecki, Z. J. Olejniczak, and E. Adamska. 2001. Regeneration of Cuphea wrightii (Peyr. 651) and fertile C. wrightii x C. tolucana hybrids from leaf explants. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 6:859-870.

Ray, D.T., A. E. Thompson, and A.C. Gathman. 1988. Interspecific hybridization in Cuphea.  HortScience 23:751-753.

Ray, D.T., A.C. Gathman, and A.E. Thompson. 1989. Cytogenetic analysis of interspecific hybrids in Cuphea. J. Hered. 80:329-332.

Rita, I. and E.I. S. Floh.  1995. Tissue culture and micropropagation of Cuphea ericoides, a potential source of medium-chain fatty acids. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. 40:187-189.

Roath, W.W. 1990. Effects of harvest methods and storage conditions on seed germination of two Cuphea species. In H.H. Naqvi, A. Estilai, and I.P. Ting (eds.), pp. 183-187. Proceedings: the First International Conference of New Industrial Crops and Products. Association for the Advancement of Industrial Crops.  Riverside, California.

Roath, W.W. 1998. Managing seedling emergence of Cuphea in Iowa. J. Iowa Acad. Sci. 105(1): 23-26.

Roath, W.W. and M.P. Widrlechner. 1988. Inducing germination of dormant Cuphea seed and the effects of various induction methods on seedling survival.  Seed Sci. Technol. 16: 699-703.

Roath, W.W., M.P Widrlechner, and R. Kleiman. 1992. Morphological and agronomic variability in Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. Ind. Crop. Prod. 1: 5-10.

Roath, W.W., R.L. Clark, M.P. Widrlechner, and R.L. Wilson. 1990. Germplasm resources at the North Central Plant Introduction Station. In J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.), pp. 84-90. Advances in new crops. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.

Röbbelen, G. 1991. Mutation breeding for quality improvement: a case study for oilseed crops. In Plant mutation breeding for crop improvement, volume 2, pp. 3-30. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.

Röbbelen, G. and F. Hirsinger. 1982. Cuphea, the first annual oil crop for the production of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). In Improvement of oilseed and industrial crops by induced mutations, pp. 161-170. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. 

Röbbelen, G. and S. von Witzke. 1989. Mutagenesis for the domestication of Cuphea. In Plant domestication by induced mutations, pp. 101-119. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.

Roseberg, R.J. 1996. Underexploited temperate industrial and fiber crops. In J. Janick (ed.), pp. 60-84. Progress in new crops. ASHS Press, Alexandria, Virginia.

Schütt, B.S., M. Brummel, R. Schuch, and F. Spener. 1998. The role of acyl carrier protein isoforms from Cuphea lanceolata seeds in the de-novo biosynthesis of medium-chain fatty acids. Planta 205:263-268.

Shajahan Ali, M. and S.J. Knapp. 1995. Cytogenetics of interpopulation Cuphea lanceolata hybrids. Genome 38:1148-1152.

Shajahan Ali, M. and S.J. Knapp. 1996. Heterosis of Cuphea lanceolata single-cross hybrids.  Crop Sci. 36:278-284.

Slabaugh, M.B., J. M. Leonard, and S.J. Knapp. 1998. Condensing enzymes from Cuphea wrightii associated with medium chain fatty acid biosynthesis. Plant J. 13:611-620.

Thompson, A.E. 1984. Cuphea-a potential new crop. HortScience 19:352-354.

Thompson, A.E. 1985. New native crops for the arid Southwest. Econ. Bot. 39:436-453.

Thompson, A.E. and R. Kleiman. 1988. Effect of seed maturity on seed oil, fatty acid and crude protein content of eight Cuphea species.  J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 65:139-146.

Thompson, A.E., D.A. Dierig, S.J. Knapp, and R. Kleiman. 1990. Variation in fatty acid content and seed weight in some lauric acid rich Cuphea species. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 67:611-617.

Voetz, M., B. Klein, J. Schell, and R. Töpfer. 1994. Three different cDNAs encoding acyl carrier proteins from Cuphea lanceolata. Plant Physiol. 106:785-786.

Webb, D.M. and S.J. Knapp. 1991. Genetic parameters for oil yield in a population of Cuphea lanceolata.  Crop Sci. 31:621-624.

White, G.A., J.C. Gardner, and C.G. Cook. 1994. Biodiversity for industrial crop development in the United States. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2:259-272.

Widrlechner, M.P. and D.A. Kovach. 2000. Dormancy-breaking protocols for Cuphea seed. Seed Sci. Technol. 28:11-27.

Wilson, T.L., T.K. Miwa, and C.R. Smith, Jr. 1960. Cuphea llavea seed oil, a good source of capric acid. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 37:67-76.

Wolf, R.B., S.A. Graham, and R. Kleiman. 1983. Fatty acid composition of Cuphea seed oils.  J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 60:27-28.

Zhao, J. and D.H. Simmonds. 1995. Application of trifluralin to embryogenic microspore cultures to generate doubled haploid plants in Brassica napus. Physiol Plantarum 95:304-309.

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Last revised: January 23, 2007